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Chapter 12


A. Paleolithic Persistence: Australia and North America


   1. Gatherers and hunters have a history, too


   2. Manipulation of the environment and trade


   3. “Complex” or “affluent” gatherers and hunters


B. Agricultural Village Societies: The Igbo and the Iroquois


   1. Egalitarian kinship societies without state systems


   2. “The Igbo have no king” but they did trade


   3. Great Law of Peace of th


e Five Nations


C. Pastoral Peoples: Central Asia and West Africa


   1. Timur/Tamerlame (d. 1405)


   2. Samarkand


   3. Fulbe


II. Civilizations of the Fifteenth Century: Comparing China and Europe


  A. Ming Dynasty China


     1. Emperor Yongle (r. 1402–1422)

     2.Confucianism and anti-Mongol policies

     3. Economic boom

     4. Zheng He’s voyages (1405–1433)

 B. European Comparisons: State Building and Cultural Renewal


     1. Smaller states in constant conflict


     2. Renaissance humanism


C. European Comparisons: Maritime Voyaging


   1. Portugal takes the lead after 1415


   2. Smaller ships and fleets than the Chinese


   3. Motives, goals, and support


III. Civilizations of the Fifteenth Century: The Islamic World


  A. In the Islamic Heartland: The Ottoman and Safavid Empires


     1. Ottoman size, strength, and longevity


     2. 1453: Turkish threat to Europe


     3. Shia Safavids versus Sunni Ottomans


  B. On the Frontiers of Islam: The Songhay and Mughal Empires


     1. Islam and the trans-Sahara trade


     2. Political unity and religious diversity in India


     3. Muslim merchants and Sufi mystics in Southeast Asia


     4. Malacca



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